Monday 29 December 2014

Refreshingly Old: Battle (based-on) Kolin and The Wargamer's Handbook

For most wargamers, certainly of the Napoleonic variety, the 18th June is a momentous day in history. Last week we played a game based on a battle that occurred on that auspicious date, albeit 58 years prior to the one which we, and numerous others, will be re-fighting in its bicentennial year of 2015.

Background to Kolin, 18th June 1757

Having secured an alliance with Britain, Frederick II of Prussia pre-empted the mobilisation of the Austrian, French, Russian and Saxon armies with his attack on the latter state  on 29th August 1756. Quickly knocking them out of the war he incorporated the Saxon troops (reluctantly and eventually disastrously,) to reinforce his own. Buoyed by this early success, Frederick invaded Bohemia, hoping to repeat the dose.

He defeated Browne’s Austrian army before Prague, forcing them to retreat into the city, which he then besieged. Austrian Marshal Daun, ordered to relieve the city, marched directly on Prague, then headed north-west in an attempt to outflank Frederick’s left. Frederick in turn attempted an outflanking manoeuvre of his own, but Daun learned of the threat and turned his 60 000-strong army towards Kolin. He arrayed his troops in an 8 km line with the centre in a strong position on the Pzerovsky and Kzeczhorz hills.

Photo 1: Our game (based-on) Kolin, showing the strong Austrian position.

Early in the afternoon of 18th June, Frederick attacked. Considering the Austrian left and centre too strong, he marched his 32 000-strong army across the Austrian front so as to attack with his left (Zieten and Hülsen), joined in echelon by the centre (Moritz), while refusing his right.

Frederick’s plan unravelled. His right was delayed and provoked to attack by some grenzer that Daun had placed in the wheat field forward of the Austrian left. Moritz lead the Prussian centre to attack prematurely, driving at the strong Austrian centre rather than supporting the attack on the enemy right. Frederick further weakened his centre in an attempt to sure up his right, and the gap that had developed between it and his centre.

Taking advantage of the surprise caused to Hülsen’s ‘left hook’ by the infantry and cavalry that he had positioned behind the oak wood on his right, Daun sent in well-timed counter attacks by his Saxon cavalry and Austrian infantry and the Prussian army was soon in full retreat.

Our Game

The Battle of Kolin, fought on 18th June 1757, is often subtitled ‘Frederick’s first defeat’. Mark laid out a game for us, loosely based on the battle. Our aim was two-fold. Firstly, to play a game utilising most of his figures for the Seven Years’ War, the majority of which he has painted in the past year. Secondly to revisit, in Mark’s case, and use for the first time, in mine, a set of rules that served as his first introduction to the hobby, The Wargamer's Handbook.

Photo 2 & 3: Layout of the table, showing the well-worn cover of Mark’s copy of Zimmermann’s booklet of rules. View looking roughly east, Austrians at right.


The Wargamer's Handbook: Rules for Wargaming in Six Periods of History by Richard (Dick) Zimmermann was first published in 1973. I immediately took a liking them, chiefly because of a couple of standout aspects to me; the alternative movement system and the resolution of melees, but I really enjoyed the entire mechanic of the rules.

A big attraction of the rules for me is the way that Zimmermann deals with the turn sequence, or ‘cycle’ in his parlance, particularly alternate movement. A simple die roll (or card draw) decides the ‘winner’. That player may elect to go first or invite his opponent to do so. Charges are declared (we wrote these down). The player moving first moves his units half of their movement, as determined by orders (which we did in a 'Shako fashion’ of defend, attack such and such position/troops or move/manoeuvre to such and such position). The other player then moves his troops half their allotted/desired movement. Both sides then fire (considered to be simultaneous). The player who moved second then completes his movement, followed by the player who moved first. Thus in a simple and quite elegant manner Zimmermann reaches a reasonable and workable mechanism as to when in the move firing occurs, negates the advantage of moving first or second and enables a lot to happen in a single cycle, representing one hour.

Mêlées are resolved as the penultimate act of the cycle. This was another aspect of the rules that I particularly liked. Each side gets a score determined by the weighted value of each figure (determined by troop type and position (i.e rank occupied) in the mêlée) multiplied by the sum of two D6 to give a total. The side with the highest score is the winner. Losses (in figures) are determined as a proportion for each side that is read off a table for the winner and loser against the respective die roll in the mêlée. The loser retreats in an ‘orderly' or ‘disorderly’ fashion, based on a die roll, losing three points of morale along the way. The winner gains three points of morale and may pursue, remain in place to rally or move up to a full move back to rally, also depending on a die roll. At the end of this movement a cycle is complete.

Now, multiplying the number of figures by a value and then a die roll may sound like too much mental maths for those used to modern rules, but it was actually not too onerous. Also, since the required result is simply which side gets the highest score it is possible to determine this based on the numbers involved in the calculation without completing the arithmetic or, in some cases, the die roll may be a give-away as to who has won.

The mental maths involved is not too onerous!

That’s enough about the rules for now. Let's get back to the game. I’ll include a few more comments and observations about the rules as I describe what happened.

Photo 4: The Prussians (Mark) won the roll and elected to move first. Being gentlemanly, the Austrians invited them to fire.

Photo 5: The system for artillery fire is yet another excellent mechanism. For each battery firing, the owning player rolls two dice. One determines the direction, the other the effect. In this case the Prussians rolled a ‘5’ and a ‘2’, a slightly wayward shot that caused one casualty on the Modena cuirassiers and a bounce-through casualty on the Sachsen-Gotha dragoons behind and to their left (out of the photo)!

Photo 6–8: Their heavy guns lined up the Austrian grenadiers, but a roll of a pair of ones meant a wayward shot that caused no casualties. Lucky Austrians!
Another aspect that I liked. Zimmermann has mixed up the random factors so that results of 1 to 3 produce increasingly good results for the player rolling the die. This then ‘re-sets’ so that the same is true of 4 to 6.

Photo 9: First mêlée of the game involving a charge of the Hadik hussars against those of the away team (also charging).


Photo 10: With odds even, the Austrian boys got the worst of the die rolls, losing 1/3 of the figures involved, compared to the Prussians 2 in 9 (rounded down).
I’m partial to rules where each side takes losses in a mêlée so, you guessed it, chalk another one for Zimmermann’s rules!

Photo 11: The Hadik boys retreated in an orderly fashion… off the board.
(The narrow board at ANF Annexe 1 meant that mounted troops would be likely to retreat off-board in this game.)

Photo 12–15: In the second cycle the Prussians once again moved first, advancing along the whole line.

Photo 16: Good shooting from the guns with Weid’s grenadiers took heavy toll on the advancing Prussian grenadiers.
The rules are at a scale of around 1:20. This meant that the effect of canister was quite devastating in our game, so we would need to adjust it for our larger figure ratio.

Photo 17: The Prussian guns were also ‘on song’ this turn (up-turned figures done purely for the camera).

Photo 18: The Erzog Joseph dragoons caught the Prussian hussars at the halt, avenging their hussar comrades!

Let's pause to take an over-all view of the table-top at the end of the second cycle.

Photo 19: Firstly, roughly from the west.

Photo 20: The same view, slightly elevated.

Photo 21: From the Austrian (south-ish) side of the table. Note the rules being consulted. In a booklet of only 74 pages most questions can be answered, if players are prepared to play in the 'right' spirit.

Photo 22 & 23: The firefight intensified in the centre of the battlefield around the wheat field.


Photo 24: In the east, the Prussian grenadiers tried to outflank Weid’s grenadiers by entering the oak wood.

Photo 25: At the north-western end of the battlefield (bottom left of photo), the Bretlach dragoons failed to charge the freikorps infantry, suffering from the latter’s volley.

Photo 26: Sincere and Starkenberg’s brigades still form an impressive defensive line on the Pzerovsky and Kzeczhorz hills.

Photo 27: In the east, the remaining cavalry gather for a final mêlée…

Photo 28: which is won by the Prussian hussars…

Photo 29: leaving the horse grenadiers as the only Austrian cavalry left on the field.

Photo 30: Another large cavalry stoush in the west of the battlefield where the Wurttemberg dragoons had caught the Prussian 2nd cuirassiers at the halt, the latter joined by some dragoons.

Photo 31: The Wurttembergers were victorious, capturing the Prussian’s colour in the process!

Photo 32: The retreating Prussian horse set off a chain reaction causing several of their comrades to retreat also.

Photo 33: Our game based-on the battle was turning out quite like the real thing with the Prussian army breaking up from the left (western end).

Photo 34: Starhemberg’s infantry continued to hold out against Bevern’s Prussian infantry.

The accumulated losses were sufficient for the Prussian army to fail its morale test and so would quit the field.


Some final photos.

 Photo 35: Aerial view of the battlefield at the end of the fourth cycle (hour).


Photo 36: View of the battlefield at the end of the game, looking from the north-west.

Further thoughts on The Wargamer’s Handbook

In addition to the points that I have mentioned above, there are a number of other facets about the rules that I liked.
  • Variable morale
    At the beginning of the game we threw dice to determine the morale level of each unit. Modifiers can be used for élite and guard units, but we did not utilise them. This gave starting morale levels from 1 to 6. These may increase or decrease following a winning or losing mêlée (as I mentioned in the description of the rules above). The highest that we reached was 9, but it could get to 12 or 15 in limited cases. A unit must retreat when its morale reaches 0, but can be rallied to above 0.
  • Command
    Simple rules provide some meaning to the unit command stands. A die roll after a loss from volley fire or mêlée (only these as I recall) determines whether the unit’s commander is a casualty and, in the case of a mêlée, whether the unit’s flag has been captured. Loss of these impacts morale and the ability of the unit to act on initiative.
    The role of senior commanders is limited to sending orders (directly or via aides) and to attempting to rally troops.
  • Unit break-point
    A unit that falls below half-strength is considered to be ‘broken’ and is removed from play.
The booklet comprises base rules with chapters adding specific rules for ancients, mediaeval/renaissance, American Revolutionary War, Napoleonic Wars, American Civil War and World War Two. Obviously, such rules are quite generic. Zimmermann, who includes much humour and wit in his writing, clearly states that they are not intended to be all-encompassing, but are intended to get people quickly into playing games that are enjoyable, fast-paced and relate to the history. 

The game that we played was over in four cycles (four hours), and things happened quickly, but not to the point of fast-play aspects where units are one-shot weapons and every attack is conclusive. One could add additional modifiers, special cases and the like—but I reckon this should be approached with caution as it would tend to defeat the purpose of a simple set of rules wouldn’t it?

Going back to a set of rules like this is surprisingly refreshing when such a set is well-constructed, has some genuinely unique, simple and elegant mechanisms and with the benefit of added experience and maturity to fill in ‘gaps’.

Interestingly, after we had completed our game, and I was 'waxing lyrical’ about how much I enjoyed the rules, Mark mentioned/remembered that several years ago he had re-fought the Battle of Barossa (1811), as a direct re-fight, doing everything exactly per the accounts of the battle. The casualties had come out exactly the same as history for the French and 20 more for the British. I thought that was pretty impressive for rules that occupy a total of 74 pages, covering six periods.


Overall an enjoyable and good looking game with the added interest of trying a set of rules that were refreshingly old, haha!! Thanks Mark.

Saturday 27 December 2014

Napoleon’s Battles at NWS

Being in the big smoke last week I was able to attend the final game night at the Napoleonic Wargaming Society for 2014. I arranged to play a long-awaited ‘away game’ with ANF-family member Marc (Mark H.). He set-up his scenario for the Battle of Ottignies, 18th June 1815, a fictitious what-if alternative to the Battle of Wavre using Napoleon’s Battles, his preferred set of rules for Napoleonic wargaming.

Mark has already posted a report of this game, the third outing for the scenario, and also one of a solo version that he played a few days later (this scenario is now the most played scenario in ‘history’, ha ha). Being umpire, his usually ‘one-sided’ view is both objective and all-encompassing, so I have ‘penned’ this report as an adjunct to his, from my point of view, to include a few more photos and my first impressions of the rules.

Photo 1: Set-up of the scenario looking from the French side. Within the flexibility allowed, I placed my cavalry on the left and infantry ready to take the hill.

Napoleon’s Battles are brigade-scale rules with command and control dictated by the chain of command and ‘command range’ of the various commanders. Units on the table-top represent brigades (or regiments) of infantry and generally brigades (or large regiments) of cavalry. Divisional artillery and skirmishers are considered to be part of a unit so that only corps reserve artillery and horse artillery batteries are represented on the table-top.

I had seen these rules used at the club back in the ‘90s, but they did not take my fancy. They are pitched at a level above that which I prefer to operate as I enjoy being able to deploy battalions (or higher-level formations**), move and fire skirmishers and to deploy, manoeuvre and fire divisional guns. That said, I was keen to have a go with them so that I could be better informed about them and, most importantly, to play a game of Napoleonics with Mark using his preferred set.

[**Formations of line, column and square are represented in Napoleon’s Battles, but these, naturally, refer to the arrangement of the units in the brigade. Of course, one could argue that, especially for large battles, this is in some respects more realistic, particularly with regard to the formation of regimental squares rather than by battalion.]

Photo 2: Mark B. commanding the Prussians was able to deploy after me. He had played the scenario once previously and this time decided to concentrate his infantry in a defensive line with cavalry to his right to face off mine.

My ‘cunning plan’ for the game was to use my cavalry in a left hook to try to disrupt the Prussians while my infantry occupied the hill and softened ‘em up with the artillery before launching an attack.

Photo 3: Vandamme’s infantry have occupied the hill, with a division, another at left and one in support. Meanwhile, Excelmanns has sent the lancers against the Prussian cavalry.


Photo 4: Close-up of the French lancers (the figures represent Strolz’s 9th cavalry division of Excelmanns corps which Mark had replaced with light cavalry in place of the dragoons). Smoke is Mark H’s way of denoting that a mêlée is to be resolved.

Photo 5: The cavalry mêlée was indecisive, so both sides withdrew to lick their wounds.

Photo 6: In the Prussian turn Mark B. let fly with his artillery, missing much, but…


Photo 7: …’disordering’ one brigade on the hill. This has the fairly major impacts of preventing the ‘unit’ from firing and requiring it to remain in place to rally.

Photo 8: In my next turn I sent Chastel’s 10th cavalry division (chasseurs à cheval), lead by Excelmanns himself, against the Prussian hussars, for the same indecisive result…

Photo 9: … except that we captured a Prussian general!

 Photo 10: View of the battlefield; from an observation balloon!


Photo 11: In my next turn I threw in the lancers once more, again lead by Excelmanns, while Vandamme directed Berthezène’s division, leading one brigade personally, against the Prussian landwehr.

Photo 12: Close-up of the attack of Berthezène’s division, 'Jean Claude' Vandamme at left.

Photo 13: Strolz’s lancers go toe-to-toe with von Hobe’s hussars.

Photo 14: 'Indecisive' was the end result!

Photo 15: The Prussians continued to get the better of the firefight on the French right. My corps reserve artillery was proving ‘useless’!

Photo 16: Berthezène’s division was driven back with heavy loss.

Photo 17: Prussian landwehr rated the same as French line; wot?!!

Photo 18: The battlefield at the end of the turn.

Photo 19: The Prussians continued to get the better of the firefight on the French right.

Photo 20: We called the game at this point. The French had “too many to die and too few to win”, to mis-quote Chief Hendrick.


I am yet to get a proper ‘sense’ of the scale and overall mechanic of the rules. Despite knowing that a ‘unit’ in Napoleon’s Battles is a far larger entity than I am used to using, I did not adjust to the scale of operation, which compounded the tactical errors that I made. Adjusting my mental picture and working with the overall mechanics of the rules will help them to make more sense and no doubt improve the result.

I look forward to trying my hand at them again soon.